The History of Postage Stamps

Before adhesive paper stamps came along, letters were hand-stamped or postmarked with ink. Postmarks were invented by Henry Bishop and were at first called Bishop mark. Bishop marks were first used in 1661 at the London General Post Office. They marked the day and month the letter was mailed. The First Modern Postage Stamp: Penny Black The first issued postage stamp began with Great Britains Penny Post. On May 6, 1840, the British Penny Black stamp was released. The Penny Black engraved the profile of Queen Victorias head, who remained on all British stamps for the next 60 years.   Rowland Hill Invents Adhesive Postage Stamps A schoolmaster from England, Sir Rowland Hill invented the adhesive postage stamp in 1837, an act for which he was knighted. Through his efforts, the first stamp in the world was issued in England in 1840. Roland Hill also created the first uniform postage rates that were based on weight rather than size. Hills stamps made the prepayment of mail postage possible and practical. Hill had received a summons to provide evidence before the Commission for Post Office Enquiry in February 1837. In providing his evidence, he read from the letter he wrote to the Chancellor, including a statement the notation of paid postage could be created ...by using a bit of paper just large enough to bear the stamp and covered at the back with a glutinous wash....  This is the first publication of an unambiguous description of a modern adhesive postage stamp. Hill’s ideas for postage stamps and charging paid-postage based upon weight soon came to fruition and were adopted in many countries throughout the world. With the new policy of charging by weight, more people began using envelopes to mail documents. Hill’s brother Edwin Hill invented a prototype of the envelope-making machine that folded paper into envelopes quickly enough to match the pace of the growing demand for postage stamps. Rowland Hill and the postal reforms he introduced to the UK postal system are immortalized on several commemorative postage issues of the United Kingdom. William Dockwra In 1680, William Dockwra, an English merchant in London, and his partner  Robert Murray  established the  London Penny Post, a mail system that delivered letters and small parcels inside the city of London for a total of one penny. The postage for the mailed item was prepaid by the use of a hand-  stamp  to frank the mailed item, confirming payment of postage.   Shapes and Materials In addition to the most common rectangular shape, stamps have been printed in geometric (circular, triangular and pentagonal) and irregular shapes. The United States issued its first circular stamp in 2000 as a  hologram  of the earth.  Sierra Leone and Tonga have issued stamps in the shapes of fruit.   Stamps are most commonly made from paper designed specifically for them and are printed in sheets, rolls or small booklets. Less commonly, postage stamps are made of materials other than paper, such as  embossed  foil.

Explain the Role of Computer Systems in Different...

Department of Business Computing |Programme Title |BTEC HND/HNC in Computing Systems Development | |Unit Title |Computer Systems |Unit Number |2 / PART 1 | |Candidate’s Name: | | |Assessor’s Name: |Esam Harb |Verifier’s Name: |Mr R Jamei | |Date of IV of Brief: |†¦show more content†¦No. | |Ref. No. | | | |1 Understand the function of |1.1 explain the role of computer systems in different environments |Identify the function of main computer components | |computer systems | | | | |1.2 explain the hardware, software and peripheral components of a computer system |Test paper where peripherals are identified including specifications and | |Show MoreRelatedComputer Systems And The Role Of Computer System Essay898 Words   |  4 Pages Contents Task 1: Understand the function of computer systems 2 1.1 Explain the impact of computer systems in social and work, evaluating the role of computer system in different environment? 2 1.2 Computer components 3 1.2.1 Purpose of some system utilities (Defragmenter, HDD cleanup etc) 9 1.2.2 Defragmentation 9 1.2.3 Cleanup tools 10 1.3 Compare different types of computer systems and the suitability of usage in different environment 11 2 Task 2 13 3 References 14 -Social Media Metrics: HowRead MoreAssignment Brief1394 Words   |  6 Pagespathways) Assignment Title: Portfolio: Computer Systems Assignment Number: 1 of 1 LEARNING OUTCOMES AND ASSESSMENT CRITERIA COVERED LO1 Understand the function of computer systems 1.1 explain the role of computer systems in different environments 1.2 explain the hardware, software and peripheral components of a computer system 1.3 compare different types of computer systems LO2 Be able to design computer systems 2.1 produce a system design specification to meet a client’sRead MoreA Project On Capstone Project1039 Words   |  5 PagesWang Christian 5th 7 April 2015 Capstone project Have you wonder where the power of technology and computers and all of the applications came from? 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SA IBL TB8e Ch17 - 2601 Words

CHAPTER 17—LICENSING AGREEMENTS AND THE PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS TRUE/FALSE 1. The hearing for the Walt Disney v. Beijing Publishing Press was held in the United States. ANS: F PTS: 1 2. It is fairly common for IPR licensors to put geographic and field-of-use limitations on licensees. ANS: T PTS: 1 3. Licensees of IPRs are generally eager to operate under specific marketing quotas requested by the licensor. ANS: F PTS: 1 4. Licensors of IPRs are generally wary of offering licensees exclusive rights in a certain geographic area. ANS: T PTS: 1 5. Under TRIPS, until a pharmaceutical patent is actually granted, a country has no obligation to protect potential prospective rights (during the pendency of the†¦show more content†¦ANS: T PTS: 1 26. Most nations grant patent priority to the individual who can prove (s)he was the first to invent. ANS: T PTS: 1 27. Both the Berne Convention and the Paris Convention require signatory countries to enact certain minimum substantive laws. ANS: F PTS: 1 28. Computer programs are protected as copyrightable literary works under the Berne Convention. ANS: T PTS: 1 29. Since 1996, the European Unions Trademark Regulation has allowed a single trademark registration enforceable in all members of the European Union. ANS: T PTS: 1 30. Under TRIPS, a nation may decide to exclude pharmaceutical patents if it determines they are immoral. ANS: T PTS: 1 31. Under U.S. copyright law, an authors moral rights are not protected. ANS: F PTS: 1 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A. Bourjois Co. v. Katzel involved the question of whether Katzel: a. Was liable to Bourjois for breach of contract. b. Was liable to the French subsidiary of Bourjois for trademark infringement and counterfeiting. c. Was entitled to punitive damages for willful trademark infringement. d. Was liable to Bourjois for trademark infringement. ANS: D PTS: 1 2. A single multinational application process is available for protecting intellectual property in: a. In the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. b. In the Eastern European countries. c. In countries that are member of the Asian Patent Protection Treaty. d. In the European Union. e. All of the above. ANS:

The Common Chemical Species Of Coffee, Caffeine,...

According to the International Coffee Organisation (International Coffee Organisation, n.d.) it is estimated that more than two billion cups of coffee are consumed everyday worldwide. Making coffee the second most popular beverage in the world. So, what is it about coffee that is so appealing to many individuals and is it doing us more harm than good? I have chosen to research three common chemical species that play an important role in the arabica coffee bean, Caffeine, trigonelline and chlorogenic acids. I will be exploring the functions, the beneficial uses and any possible toxicological issues that they may have on the health of humans. Caffeine Naturally present in coffee, caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant that has a similar molecular structure to adenosine. Due to the similarities in the molecular structure between caffeine and adenosine caffeine is able to bind to the adenosine receptor cells in the brain and inhibit adenosine s ability to bind to the receptor cells. In the brain adenosine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that can act as a CNS depressant. When the body realises that it is lacking in adenosine it reacts by releasing dopamine which then causes stimulatory effects in the body such as increased energy, increased heart rate and increased blood pressure. (Dr. Mandal, 2014). As well as the CNS system effects, caffeine increases basal metabolic rate, increases heart rate by stimulating heart muscles, promotes secretion of stomach acid,

Start UP Strategy Thesis Free Essays

These units aim to find a scalable and repeatable business model in markets where huge demand is predicted (Steve Blank, 2010). In case of not finding such a demand or not being able to supply – these companies burn all capital and close in a long run. Secondly vast majority of start-ups aim to go internationally. We will write a custom essay sample on Start UP Strategy Thesis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Otherwise business model is hardly scalable and it cannot attract capital in the future. Coddle general info Coddle is a data start-up company which owns a product applicative. Com. It is a website which seeks to provide life quality information for citizens. People who seek to know more of their neighborhoods type their address and easily find information such as crime rate, pollution, average income, etc. Also it is really handy for people who search an apartment to rent. Data is linked to a website using free governmental sources. At the current moment company operates in Lithuania, Germany (Berlin), USA (New York, Confiscator, Chicago, LIKE (London). In upcoming one year they plan to cover all cities in USA and then go to Europe. One year ago they raised kick ERR capital for a product development. Now they are searching 1 million ERR capital which will be used for marketing and expansion operations. Most investors provide capital for start-ups with well-crafted strategies and business plan. Unfortunately Coddle doesn’t have a strategy and doesn’t know what factors determine growth of a start-up. Determination of a growth strategy became an important matter which will help to distribute last capital, raise new one and show direction for a company. Bachelor thesis purpose Research problem: how start-up companies should grow in a client base and eased capital. Aim of the thesis: To investigate what determines successful growth of a start-up company in areas of clients base and capital raised. Objectives of the thesis: Analyze internal and external environment of a Coddle start-up Conduct an help to craft a strategy, raise capital and distribute current capital Research methods: Qualitative research using semi formal interviews with industry experts. Secondary data analysis and literature review. Practical value of the thesis: Start-ups with well-crafted strategies manage to grow and raise capital. Coddle has a shortage of capital and no strategy. This thesis will help them to set a right direction for a company, understand focus elements which enables growth and raise capital. Logical sequence of the thesis: 1 . Situational analysis. Internal and external analysis with a secondary data using PESTLE, 5 porter forces, market segmentation and attractiveness, competitors analysis, STOW. Defining crucial factors for company ‘s expansion 2. Qualitative research using semi-formal interviews. Interviewing people from successfully growing start-ups 3. Analysis primary and secondary data. Finding key factors which determine successful growth a start-up company 4. Making conclusions and providing recommendations for the company Situational analysis General information about company: I-JAB Coddle launched in 2012 is a start-up company which focus on providing neighborhood information for people worldwide. Concept is simple company has created a website which is like a search engine for addresses. Visitors enter a website, enter an address and click search. After few moments website presents neighborhood information linked to that address. It can be air pollution, crime rate, average real estate prices, near bus-stops and much more. In addition to that company has developed â€Å"Life- Quality† index which takes into account all available data sets and presents it in one numerical value. For example address 139-008 85 Drive, Queens, New York has a life quality index of 66/100. Data to the website is coming from open governmental data sources. Applicative. Com is in a beta phase and operates in cities: London, Berlin, Chicago, San Francisco, and New York. Company has ambitious plans to be present in every city worldwide. In order to reach their ambition company has raised kick euros of capital. Most of that capital went for product development but at the moment website slowly darted building its own visitors base. Company is investing to both: product and marketing. Also they are searching for a second investment which would be somewhere around 1 million euros and used for rapid business growth. Product itself is in introduction product life cycle phase. Figure 1 Organizational structure Of the company At the moment company has zero revenues and they are living out of raised capital. Business model start-up has planned is BIB. There is no way to monotone in BBC since a website is absolutely free. For BIB there are two options: 1 . Sell advertising place in a website for real estate companies relied 2. Sell Life-Quality Index badge as API (application programming interface) integration for real estate websites or customized API with neighborhood data Coddle has worldwide Website was launched in July and now it has approximately 6200 unique visitors. In upcoming year planned growth is 100 000 unique visitors. Coddle has 2 two BIB clients which have integrated Life-Quality badge to their websites. Badges were given for free in order to test a product and collect feedback. In the end of the year plan is to have at least 30 BIB partners which use our badge for free. In late 201 5 plan s to charge 70$ per month for badge integration. Table 1 Size of the market Chicago New York San Francisco BBC (website visitors) 2,35 million 7,31 million 0,73 million BIB 900 1 500 2400 List of small competitors: 1 . Bootlace. Com 2. Foundation. Com 3. Ravishes. Com The largest competitor is walkover. Com which is launched in 2007 and already for more than 7 years. They are operating in whole United States including cities where we are. They have more than 30,000 BIB clients and 1 , 200,000 site visitors each month. Concept of their business is similar to Coddle. They have a website With address search engine. Visitors and check- p any address in USA and get neighborhood information plus walkabout index which is a summary of various place distances in one number (similar to Life-Quality index). BIB business model they are using is same as we planned – sell API integrations for real estate websites. Management of the company Company s structure is small, communication chain is short and they don’t huge product portfolio. Therefore management style CEO uses it quite simple and unstructured. They have weekly meetings to check week ; s performance and set new goals for an upcoming week. Company plans work for no more than 1 month to the future. Sometimes CEO has unstructured individual meetings with employees to discuss on going assignments. Interns are being managed by a full time working person in a marketing field. Interns receive assignments from CEO and marketing person. Company does not use any theoretical methodology such as agile project management, lean or other start-up management techniques. Macro-environmental analysis Political factors. Open data movement which started in USA in 2007. Scientists Of LISA realized that government has collected a lot of various data of the country. Data is being collected simply monitoring governmental sector recesses. This type of a data is a great way to improve overall human knowledge base and help to understand word’s complexity. Scientists have encouraged governments to open free data portals where data would be available for everyone (Joel Curing, 2014). In USA it is be data. Gob and even cities have their own data websites like New York mentioned before. EX. as well is establishing large open data infrastructures. Only because of this trend Coddle had a chance to develop such a product. Economic factors. Our BIB product is for real estate industry therefore if industry is growing that means hey have better incentives to innovate current situation. Real estate industry has 13% GAP of total USA GAP and they are steadily growing over the last five years. Even after real estate crisis in 2007 they kept growing. In addition to that key websites in USA real estate sector such as Zillion or Trivial invest several millions each year for neighborhood data. Data is being displayed in their websites and customers have better overview of a property. To compare with European real estate websites there is a big difference. Most of the largest websites in Europe do not display any neighborhood information ND keep simple search engine for a property. Secondly there is quite high competition in LISA real estate websites market and company are willing to invest decent amount of resources for better display of neighborhoods and local areas. Our website visitor has synergy points with real estate sector as well. Most of applicative. Com website visitors are people who are searching to buy/rent a new property. They are actively searching local area information. Growing real estate industry means more renting or purchasing and more people seeking information which our website provides. Social factors. Due to gig rates of obesity (Rulers, 2014) in USA we have new emerging trend – healthy life style. It is already for several years and growing even more. Demand for health friendly or environmental friendly products has increased. We can see examples like a Greek Yogurt since 2010 dominated USA Yogurt market. It is a Yogurt which is considered to be healthier choice. It has less fats and more protein. Other sectors specializing in healthy life style has grown. Technological factors. Current IT technology allows us easily link data from governmental websites to our which makes all start-up possible. Even annuity of a data is high but website can be well optimized and user friendly. Secondly to build a data crawlers (robot which scans websites and extracts data) has become much easier. One IT programmer can do it. Governmental institutions do not provide all data therefore company has to search for a new ways to collect it. Internet has decent amount of in depended catalogues like http://move. Yellowness. Com. Internet crawler can be cost effective solution for data extraction. Scrounging trend which started in 2006 has enabled companies to outsource difficult tasks for crowds. For example such platforms like Amazon Turks can be used for data testing or processing. Also using scrounging methods are great way to collect data. There are even successful companies which us mainly crowd sourced data (data which is voluntarily entered by a user) – Google maps, tomato GAPS maps (Stuart Dredge, 201 1). Environmental factors. In USA media is actively talking about pollution, crime and more topics related to neighborhood lifestyles. People have increased awareness that living environment is reflected in their quality of life. We have articles like â€Å"top 10 cities to live† or â€Å"best neighborhoods of New York†. At the current moment people have higher interested in their living environment especially demographics young families. Legal factors. Coddle is registered in Lithuanian Republic therefore they are accountable to Lithuania law. So far company has no revenues and they don’t need to pay income tax, but in the future they will face 15%. Since they are online business it is way much easier to overcome political barriers and change markets if it is needed. Also they don’t need to pay value added tax because all product purchases are made online. Besides that company needs to pay tax for their employees which is 30% from their salaries. Risk analysis Cross-cultural risk. Since Americans are native English speakers there is a quit high risk of miscommunication or misunderstanding. Lithuanian can speak English but to communicate with American is harder. Also it is harder to compete from sales perspective. At the moment start-up tried to find BIB clients via Cold Calls, Linked, emails. It is a challenge to effectively communicate a message for potential customer. Local company can do it much easier. Also American culture is a entrepreneurial and sales culture and most of business representatives are good in that (The Economist, 2009). Company s odds are getting lower when you need to complete with better business in better ecosystem. Commercial risks. Even the product is new in Europe but is not in ASSAI. They are 5 years ahead in usage of big data, especially in real estate industry. Market itself has some strong players such as walkover for more than 5 years. To outperform locals which already have a strong position makes a threat for Coddle strategic expansion. Financial risks. Every time when start-up sells a badge marginal costs are nearly to zero. Also online business doesn’t have a lot of physical assets. USA currency s really Strong and has well establishes finance trading infrastructure with ERR. There are not so many major financial risks besides one – raising a capital. Since Coddle is a start-up purely funded by a venture capital there is a huge risk of not raising a capital. Now company is trying to raise 1 million dollars and it is hard to predict what are the odds without trying. Country risk. No major country risks as well. USA is actively promoting online businesses and open data portals. Competitor analysis Ta able 2 Total Segment A – large real estate websites Medium real estate companies Segment B Segment C- Individual brokers Segment D accommodation websites Total market size (Units and/or dollars) 14 million dollars 20 (0%) 20,000 (10%) 180,00 (90%) 15 (0%) Share Now Sought in Three Years 25% Largest Competitor Today/Future Your Relative Share Walkover Coddle product is in pure introductory stage there they have nearly O market share. Also from the table we can judge that segment A and D might be not relevant but that is not true. Due to product specific these are main segments where company should focus. Reason is simple – every API integration with a large website is linking their visitors to our website. How to cite Start UP Strategy Thesis, Papers

MENAECHMI Essay Example For Students

MENAECHMI Essay A monologue from the play by Titus Maccius Plautus NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Plautus, vol. II. Trans. Paul Nixon. London: William Heinemann, 1917. MENAECHMUS: If you werent mean, if you werent stupid, if you werent a violent virago, what you see displeases your husband would be displeasing to you, too. Now mark my words, if you act like this toward me after today, you shall hie yourself home to your father as a divorcee. Why, whenever I want to go out, you catch hold of me, call me back, cross-question me as to where Im going, what Im doing, what business I have in hand, what Im after, what Ive got, what I did when I was out. Ive married a custom-house officer, judging from the way everythingall Ive done and am doingmust be declared. Ive pampered you too much; now then, Ill state my future policy. Inasmuch as I keep you well provided with maids, food, woollen cloth, jewelry, coverlets, purple dresses, and you lack for nothing, you will look out for trouble if youre wise, and cease spying on your husband. And furthermore, that you may not watch me for nothing, Ill reward your diligence by taking a wench to dinner and inviting m yself out somewhere. Hurrah! By Jove, at last my lecture has driven her away! Where are your married gallants? Why dont they all hurry up with gifts and congratulations for my valiant fight? This mantle I just now stole from my wife inside there, and its going to a wench. This is the way to doto cheat a cunning jailer in such clever style! I have taken booty from the enemy without loss to my allies!