Rene Descarte's Faulty Reliance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rene Descarte's Faulty Reliance - Essay Example To rehearse his argument in short: Descartes believes that we cannot at first glance trust our senses, as it is possible that we are being deceived. Those elements of the world outside our own mind (the res extensa) are available for our thought and our perception (res cogitans) but we cannot trust that the reality of what we think we see is in fact what comprises the world around us. We should doubt, radically, such a belief, because for Descartes this gap between the world around us and our knowledge of the world helps to explain why there exists to many different beliefs about the fundamental nature of our existence. Instead, Descartes suggests, we should be satisfied with the knowledge only that we can think, that we can consider, that thing that we call knowledge, and that material we think of as the world. Hence the famous notion of the Cogito, which in somewhat condensed form, suggests that â€Å"I think, therefore I am.† The claim here is not that of a logical operatio n (thinking begets the awareness of existence) but rather that thinking constitutes the one demonstration of existence that our imperfect cognition makes allows. We are imperfect creatures, capable of being aware of our own imperfections. At the same time, though, we are aware of the possibility of perfection. We can think about the ideal, the infinite, the absolute. And yet we do not know these things, we do not experience these things, and we cannot point our fingers in the direction of some object out there in the physical world around us, in order to demonstrate any of these ideal qualities. Imagination, Descartes seems to suggest, simply isn't powerful to make an argument by way of extension, that would imagine perfection or completion from imperfect or incomplete elements. And so, Descartes suggests, our capacity to think – which is our only true capacity and essence – must have some root that explains the nature of perfection. Descartes introduces this argument by way of a rather awkward rhetorical question (93): â€Å"Now, it is manifest by the natural light that there must at least be as much reality in the efficient and total cause as in its effect; for whence can the effect draw its reality if not from its cause? And how could the cause communicate to it this reality unless it possessed it in itself? (93) How could it, indeed? Well, for Descartes, the answer to the question is contained within its premise: if we can understand perfection, there must exist the essence of perfection, and thus we know that God exists. From the act of thinking, then, we know that we exist, and from the act of thinking about the transcendent or the divine, then we know that God exists. These may seem like separate argument claims. Indeed, in the order they are presented, the Cogito appears to pave the way for the subsequent Ontological argument that proves the existence of God. But we need to understand that this is a trick of presentation, not a linear lo gical relationship. In fact it is the other way around, though this doesn't become apparent until Descartes concludes his project, when the debt the Cogito owes to the Ontological argument is revealed. The most telling paragraph is this: ...considering only that God is my creator, it is highly probably that he in some way fashioned me

Art and Society in the 19th Century. Compare and contrast different Assignment

Art and Society in the 19th Century. Compare and contrast different portraits of Queen Victoria in the nineteenth century - Assignment Example The motive for Fenton’s choice of this moment was that photographic methods widely used when they wedded in 1840 implied that there were extremely long exposure periods (Plunkett, 2003). Fenton took this photo in 1854 to imply that the exposure periods decreased substantially. Scholars and historians argue that Winterhalter’s charm, high-end style, and successful ability to catch a good resemblance often pushed Victoria to support Winterhalter’s artistry. This support is evident in the portrait â€Å"The Family of Queen Victoria† by Franz Xaver Winterhalter, which is also filled with symbolic significance (Plunkett, 2003). In numerous ways, this painting is the same as Fenton’s photograph â€Å"Queen Victoria and Prince Albert at Buckingham Palace.† This is because both pictures feminize Queen Victoria’s position (Plunkett,

Animal Cruelty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Animal Cruelty - Research Paper Example The given work will discuss the main forms of animal cruelty and provide the recommendations on how to struggle with the problem. Animal entertainment is one of the many forms of animal cruelty that often goes unnoticed. Animals are used in zoos, circus, bull riding and bull fights. Most of these animals are taken from their homes and forced to live in much small replicas of their natural habitats. These animals do not like being confined, which often results in aggressive behaviors, they are usually accused of. Many animals are killed, because they are considered dangerous for people. Nobody thinks about the real causes of this aggression. Animal experimentation is also a form of animal cruelty. In 1938, the food, drug and cosmetics act was passed requiring animal testing of certain drugs and chemicals to make sure they were safe for humans. Millions of mice, rats, cats, dogs, monkeys and many other animals are waiting to be experimented on right now. 90% of them are rats and mice (Mice and Rats in Laboratories). It is well-know that mice and rats are very similar to humans psychologically, they can have different feelings like humans, but it is not taken into account when choosing animals for experiments. It is well-know that mice and rats are very similar to humans psychologically, they can have different feelings like humans, but it is not taken into account when choosing animals for experiments. â€Å"Mice and rats are mammals with nervous systems similar to our own. It’s no secret that they feel pain, fear, loneliness, and joy just as we do. These highly social animals communicate with each other using hi gh-frequency sounds that are inaudible to the human ear† (Mice and Rats in Laboratories). Most of these animals used for experimentation live in cold, barren cages before the initial experiment takes place. More than one millions animals are used in labs per year in the U.S. Most animals are poisoned,

Profile of Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Profile of Leader - Essay Example It cannot also go without a mention how Sheikh Zayed devoted his life to serving his people and making the world such a better place to live in. As the story is told, Sheikh Zayed was born in 1918 as the youngest of the four sons of Sheik Sultan bin Zayed, who also ruled between 1922 and 1926, somewhere in Abu Dhabi. During his time of birth, it is reported that Emirates was very poor and lacked development. Its economy was majorly based on fishing and pearl diving. There were also few practices of simple agriculture on the scattered oasis. Sheikh Zayed is one leader who led by example. We get to know about this when he established a clear vision of what he wanted to accomplish for his people of Al Ain in the late 1940s and the early 1950s (Eesa, 2001). Progress finally dawned to Al Ain even with the few government revenues that were collected at that time. A basic administration was established with the help of the Sheikh and he even personally sponsored the establishment of the first modern school. He also mobilized and encouraged friends and relatives to contribute funds that could go to the development of small-scale. Through his help, Sheikh Zayed ensured that the local water ownership was revised to allow a more equitable distribution. Through this, Agriculture was promoted, and the Oasis were re-established as the major market centers. It is his efforts in city planning in Al Ain that ensured the city became one of the greenest cities in Arabia. According to Hamza Hanson Yusuf who is a renowned American preacher and scholar, Sheikh Zayed is a very rare figure that was seen to be very inspiring through his leadership style and way of life (UAEInteract, 2013). He also described Sheikh Zayed as a leader whose words were full of wisdom. Sheik Zayed was also recognized as a leader who had great respect and love for the environment. This is well shown by the way he initiated falconry that became a lifelong passion for many (CPC, 2013). His love

Pretesting Feedback Essay Example for Free

Pretesting Feedback Essay In the article by Jean-Baptiste Jean-Pierre on HIV/AIDS, the importance of carrying out pretesting method is apparent. Jean-Pierre opens the article by providing a clear and easy to understand definition of pretesting in which it is classified as a type of formative research entailing systematic collection of reactions to materials and information from target audience prior to their actual presentation. The article also outlines the goal of pretesting and its significance particularly when the target audience is characterized by individuals of different cultures and level of education. The author then shifts focus to the purpose of his article which entails use of pretesting in public service announcement (PSA) in Brooklyn, New York on matters concerning use of condoms as a tool for preventing the spread of HIV among African American women of between 20 to 49 years old. The probing question is whether media stations will allocate enough time to the PSA. Media stations normally shy away from airing controversial issues since they might destroy their reputation and in turn, their business might collapse (Hampton, Rabinowitz, Nagy, 2010). However, selection of HIV/ AIDS and condom use for the PSA comes in handy in ensuring stations run them. Controversial issues such as gay marriage wield enormous difficulties in convincing media stations to run the PSA. As a result of HIV prevention through use of condoms not being contentious, the PSA is made more effective hence having a high chance of reaching the target audience. On reaching the target audience, the message is more likely to encourage them and enhance their awareness on the issue at hand. In addition to having experts from radio or television to check and evaluate the message, it is imperative to consult religious leaders, activists and health practitioners on the same (Hampton, Rabinowitz, Nagy, 2010). The message might meet the requirements of media but lack the intensity necessary to kindle the most appropriate reaction from the target audience. In his article, Jean-Pierre includes experts from media and communication field but excludes those from the health sector thereby making the announcement vulnerable to incompetency. Involving individuals from the health fraternity is crucial to ensuring greater effectiveness of the PSA. Jean-Pierre intends to utilize short questionnaire which normally consume little time since they comprise of brief questions regarding the perception of the information to be conveyed, its ease of understanding and the modifications required. Such questions ensure that the PSA reaches the target audience and provokes the expected positive reaction (Siegel Lotenberg, 2007). Moreover, employing market research techniques might prove effective in evaluating the program. Besides the technique having flaws, it provides a quicker and cost effective method for gathering data on the program (Poscente, Rothstein, Irvine, 2002), thereby enhancing its ability to fine-tune mass media channels and the assembling of health promotion information. Such techniques could improve the pretesting method by enhance the effectiveness of the message conveyed to the target audience through PSA. References Hampton, C. , Rabinowitz, P. Nagy, K. (2010). Preparing public service announcements. The Community Tool Box. Retrieved May 20, 2010 from http://ctb. ku. edu/en/tablecontents/sub_section_main_1065. htm Poscente, N. , Rothstein, M. Irvine, M. J. (2002). Using marketing research methods to evaluate a stage-specific intervention. American Journal of Health Behavior 26(4): 243-251. Retrieved May 20, 2010 from EBSCO database. Siegel, M. Lotenberg, D. L. (2007). Marketing public health: Strategies to promote social change. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Contemporary approaches to marketing

Contemporary approaches to marketing Introduction Addressing the above topic, this essay aims to bring out the main points regarding the applicability of the marketing mix in the contemporary marketing world. To start with the evolution of marketing and marketing management concept is spoken about, moving on to explaining the marketing mix theory, its drawbacks and the evolution of services marketing leading to a new marketing approach i.e. relationship marketing. Then an evaluation between the two approaches has been undertaken to conclude by emphasizing the importance of the prevailing approach as well as the new approach. The very initial study of marketing emphasized on the allocation and trading of commodities and manufactured goods and found its basics in economics (Marshall 1927 as cited in Vargo, Lusch 2004). Attention was focussed on commodities exchange, the establishment which made goods available and arranged for handing over control of the goods, and the basic functions that were required to help in the exchange transactions (Vargo and Lusch 2004). The study of managerial marketing developed in the early 1950s. During this time managerial theorists defined marketing management as a process of decision making or problem-solving. This approach emerged out of the traditional sales approach and became a broadly accepted function of business stressing on the basics like product planning and developing, pricing, promoting and distributing (Webster, Jr. 1992). These fundamental functions, to supply goods to final consumers and satisfy their needs formed the marketing mix. Evolution and concept of marketing mix The concept of marketing mix was set up in 1960 by McCarthy and the mix of factors was labelled as the four Ps. As defined by Kotler in his book Marketing Management, Marketing mix is the set of marketing tools that the firm uses to pursue its marketing objectives in the target market. McCarthy classified these tools into four broad groups: Product, price, place, promotion (Kotler 2000 p.15). The four Ps symbolise the outlook of the sellers. Robert Lauterborn (1990) recommended four Cs, customer solution, customer cost, convenience, communication, from the customers view to which each P would convey a specific benefit. The theoretical value of the Mix is also underlined by the widely held view that the framework constitutes one of the pillars of the influential Managerial School of Marketing (Kotler 1967; Sheth et al. 1988 as cited in Constantinides 2006). The importance of this tool can be understood by the above statement. The concept of the marketing mix being easy to understand, practice and teach, positioned itself to become the unchallenged universal marketing model and much of further marketing studies evolved with this concept as their basis, making a tremendous impact on the practical world. Drawbacks of the Four Ps Theory On the flip side, the marketing mix approach is based on typical situations which do not fit well in other markets. It was basically formulated for the North American milieu, with packaged goods, aggressive distribution, strong media presence and huge markets, consumers just becoming numbers for marketers, and not presenting an actual situation (Gronroos 1994). Van Waterschoot and Bulte (1992 p.85) also brought out three defects in the Four P model; The properties or characteristics that are the basis for classification have not been identified. The categories are not mutually exclusive. There is a catch-all subcategory that is continually growing. Another disadvantage is that the marketing mix is production oriented, i.e., it focuses on the product and not on the consumer who is the actual end user (Gronroos 1994). For example if Nokia makes a mobile which is very heavy, slow, and does not have the latest features that consumers require, all marketing strategies based on the four Ps , product, price, place, promotion would fail to sell the product, since it is not what the customers want. Here comes in the need for newer marketing approaches, focussing on the needs and wants of customers. A major disadvantage of this approach is that there is no interrelation between the 4 variables of the mix. Every variable or P has a separate working department and plan with no coordination (Yudelson 1999). Not just that, this approach alienates the rest of the organisation from the marketing aspect, and thus distances them from the voice of the customer (Gronroos 1994). Goods to Service dominant logic Over these years there has been a shift from a goods dominated economy to a services, skills, knowledge and processes economy (Vargo and Lusch). As a consequence, the ways in which businesses are carried on and maintained have changed drastically and gradually alongside, various other marketing theories have evolved. From the functional view of marketing mix management our focus has extended to the strategic role of marketing, aspects of service marketing, political dimensions of channel management, interactions in industrial networks; to mention just a few evolving trends (Moller 1992 as cited in Gronroos 1994 p. 7; Constantinides). Service Marketing These changes have also led to a growth in competition. To deal with this, it is essential to recognize the importance of services which can be offered with the core product to add extra value to it and result in competitive advantage (Gronroos 2007). Service marketing grew out of this need. As defined by Gronroos in his book, service marketing is to make customers use the service processes and implement these processes in a way that makes customers perceive that value is created in their processes (p.55). Firms with a service orientation have to centre their attention to the relation with their consumers and other stakeholders. For example, United Airlines throws parties for their privileged customers, where they are informed about the airlines forthcoming services (Holbrook and Hulbert 2002). With growth in service, three supplementary Ps, people, physical evidence and process have also been put forward (Booms and Bitner 1982 as cited in Gronroos 2002) to address customer needs bet ter. Relationship Marketing Therefore, relationship marketing has grown to become a requirement for achieving success in a service market, and a concentration on customer relationship and customer retention has become a crucial need (Gronroos 2007). Marketing is to establish, maintain, and enhance relationships with customers and other partners, at a profit, so that the objectives of the parties involved are met. This is achieved by a mutual exchange and fulfilment of promises. This is the definition of relationship marketing (Gronroos 1994 p.9). Though relationship marketing is in its early years as a conventional marketing paradigm, its significance can be identified to great degree. On the basis of marketing dimensions, relationship marketing encompasses Database marketing, Interaction marketing and Network marketing. Coviello in his journal says, that relationship marketing does not conform only to industrial and service marketing, it relates to all firms including packaged good firms, since it is imperativ e to maintain customer relations in other firms as well (Coviello et al. 1997). The consequence of relationship marketing is that by creating a long-term relationship, two individuals or companies with time discover, understand and conform to the others need better and this eventually benefits both. Marketing Mix vs Relationship Marketing To understand the changing business environment as well as the probable marketing strategies, Gronroos created a continuum, where transaction marketing is positioned on one end and relational marketing on the other end. The main point of difference between the two approaches is that where relationship marketing spotlights on maintaining relations with customers, over a long time period, transaction marketing deals with a single exchange covering a shorter time frame (Gronroos 1994). Therefore it can be said that not in all situations but, generally packaged good businesses will gain from a transaction approach since it is a one-time effort and revolves around a single transaction. On the other hand service based businesses will gain maximum from a relationship approach, since their business revolves around providing services which are continually needed. Examples of relationship marketing based companies are Dell and Apple, who manufacture customised computers and laptops. Changed meaning of the Marketing Mix variables As spoken about above, there has been a dominant shift from goods to a service economy. Earlier the main aim of an organisation was to sell a product to satisfy the needs of the consumers and to make profit. But now, it is not about the product that is provided, rather it is about the total value or utility that it provides to the consumer (Vargo and Lusch). As it is correctly said, the true essence of the customer-centricity paradigm lies not in how to sell products but rather on creating value for the customer and, in the process, creating value for the firm (Boulding et al. 2005 as cited in Shah et al. 2006 p.115). For example, a mobile phone with the latest features would not be of much use to a person who does not know how to use those feature and would provide the same utility as that of an older version. Thus, augmenting the product is not enough, further service such as tutorials in order to help understand the features are required. When the traditional theory was formed, the marketing mix focussed on just the core product and thus price-sensitivity was a major issue. Now with services marketing evolving the value of the product/service is perceived based on the overall value created. Thus for consumers now price is not as sensitive an issue as it used to be (Gronroos 1994). In earlier times place was an important deciding factor for the sale of a product, since transport and communication were difficult. But in the present, with development of such networks, we are globally connected, through mediums such as internet, mobile phones, etc. Even business transactions are now carried on the internet, thus the place factor which forms a part of the marketing mix has now become less relevant. For, example to shop for a Gucci bag earlier we had to go to the store, and it location mattered but now we can purchase and pay for it on the internet, regardless of where the store is situated. Thus, Process is a better label for this essential component of the marketing mix (Yudelson 1999). A relationship marketing approach helps firms to setup a real-time database system which would provide updated information about its clients and their levels of contentment for the products or services provided (Gronroos 1994). To get such extensive information in the marketing mix approach is not possible since the marketers of such organisations dont directly connect with the customers; instead they rely on heavy promotion to sell the products. But in the present times promotion comes second to serving the needs and wants of the customers. Conclusion Practically 40 years later, since the time the Marketing Mix concept emerged in 1960, marketing scholars are pondering over the sufficiency of this marketing approach. There have been rapid changes in business operations due to change in technology and globalisation and it can be said that transactional marketing alone cannot keep up with this transformation. Nevertheless it is evident that no adequate replacement has been known for the marketing mix approach. With the developments in marketing, McCarthys Four P theory must be reviewed to help build on the previous theory and leap to the future. Flexibility, not insurrection or revolt is the best way to come to terms with the changes. The benefit of making changes in the existing thought rather than creating a completely new notion is the fact that the Marketing mix paradigm concentrates on the basics of marketing. Thus any new evolving marketing theory must take into account these basics. Relationship Marketing although is a new eme rging paradigm but it cannot function without the basics of the 4 Ps or the marketing mix, since only maintaining relations is enough for a business to flourish. Once the product and its pricing, placing and promotion strategies are developed, maintaining relations to retain the customer is the spot on approach. Therefore, keeping marketing mix approach as the base, relationship marketing or any other contemporary approach must be applied for achieving the best results. References Constantinides, E. (2006), The Marketing Mix Revisited: Towards the 21st Century Marketing, Journal of Marketing, Vol.22, pp. 407-438. Coviello, E. N., Brodie, J. R., Munro, J. H. (1997), Understanding Contemporary Marketing: Development of a Classification Scheme, Journal of Marketing Management, Vol.13, pp. 501-522. Gronroos, C. (1994), From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing: Towards a Paradigm Shift in Marketing, Management Decision, MCB University Press Limited, Vol.32 (2), pp. 4-20. Gronroos, C., Service Management and Marketing, Third Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. pp.1-22, 51-70. Gronroos, C. (2002), Marketing? Toward a Relationship Marketing Paradigm, The Marketing Review, Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration, Vol. 3, pp.129-146. Holbrook, B. M., Hulbert, M. J. (2002), Elegy on the Death of Marketing, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 36 (5/6), pp.706-744. Kotler, P., Marketing Management, Millenium Edition, Prentice Hall International, Inc. pp.1-32. Lauterborn, R. (1990), New Marketing Litany: 4 Ps Passe; C Words Take Over, Advertising Age, Crain Communications, Inc. pp.26. Shah, D., Rust, T. R., Parasuraman, A., Staelin, R., and Day, S. G., (2006), Path to Customer Centricity, Journal of Service Research, Vol. 9, pp 113-124. Van Waterschoot, W., Van den Bulte, C. (1992), The 4P Classification of the Marketing Mix Revisited, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 56, pp.83-93. Vargo, L. S., Lusch, F. R. (2004), Evolving to a New Dominant Logic for Marketing, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 68, pp.1-17. Webster, F. E., Jr. (1992), The Changing Role of Marketing in the Corporation, Journal of Marketing, American Marketing Association, Vol. 56 (4), pp.1-17. Yudelson, J. (1999), Adapting Mccarthys Four Ps for the Twenty-First Century, Journal of Marketing Education, Sage Publishers, Vol.21 (60), pp. 60-67.

Health and Well-being for Individuals with Specific Needs

Health and Well-being for Individuals with Specific Needs DOINA BORSAN How the health and social care and system support individuals with specific needs After meeting Mr. Holland family, I can give you a report about his medical and physical state. He had hearing and visual impairment, over the years due to these impairments develops dementia which make him aggressive with people coming in close contact with him. His famil were looking for a placement for him where to have all support and assistance needed in his daily life, and they find that out Care Home is it perfectly fit with Mr. Holland. Mr. Holland has various care needs, for some of them we are fully compliant with it, for other we have to ask support for other professional organization. Visual impairment, in their 10th revision, WHO definitions for visual impairment, low vision and blindness was given in the International statistical classification of diseases, injuries and causes of death. In their surveys about visual impairments they said that the largest proportion of blindness is related to ageing. Although cataract is not a major cause of blindness, glaucoma is the second cause of blindness globally; age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is the third cause. Other causes of visual impairment are: corneal blindness which may be attributed to trachoma, trauma and vitamin A deficiency depending on area of living; diabetic retinopathy; childhood blindness; onchocerciasis. Jette and Branch in 1985 said that visual impairment as physical disability is it not related with increasing social disability, these are concepts having different determinants. Due to this disability Mr. Holland has a lack of non-verbal communication and misunderstanding of others attitude an d behaviour. The commune way to assisting Mr. Holland is to provide his glasses clean, walking stick if necessary and use style of communication that can minimize the difference that exist such us large print books, colourful/lighting signs and symbols what can help him to deal in the new setting. Hearing impairment,(HI) as a loos or reduction of ability to hear clear , is it other barrier to communicate effectively. As a person who use hearing aid, we had to ensure that is working properly, fitted correctly, had working batteries and is it clean to improve Mr. Holland hearing. Risk factors for HI other than age are genetic liability, infections, trauma, toxicity , diseases and noise exposure. Reduced speech perception and perception of non-verbal sound is it affecting people with HI and their opportunities to communicate effectively is made difficult, and create harmful psychosocial effects of HI. To help Mr. Holland to adapt in our environment due to his hearing impairment we can use a translated typewriter for phone calls, or passing an information, speak clear that he can read on our lips and if this impairment will evolve in time we will ask help for British Deaf Association, which can provide us a qualified British Sign Language, a form of sign language using hands and body language. MAKATON, a system who uses speech, signs and symbols can either help in communication process. Challenging behaviour, defined by WHO as a culturally abnormal behaviour indicated by individual or groups , which causes others problems, and which significantly interferes with the quality of life of all concerned. Causes of challenging behaviour are various, social isolation; stress ;clinical factors – medication, inadequate glasses, empty or no battery in hearing aid; frustration of not doing things like before; mental illness; disempowering by lack of ability to communicate. Some of the signs of challenging behaviour we can see in Mr. Holland by aggression towards others or self harm. The staff need to undergo training to ensure awareness of the types, causes and effects of Mr. Holland behaviour while we are a Care Home with less contact to respond effectively to triggers, signs and symptoms of challenging behaviour. Dementia comes from Latin, demens= dement â€Å"out of one`s mind†, describe brain disorders, a loss of brain function that is usually progressive and severe. A compulsive behaviour, aggression, increasing lack of personal care and personality change is a form of dementia. The damage caused to the brain cannot be repaired but we can learn to live with or to work with people having dementia. In our case Mr. Holland, can be involved in activities that can stimulate his creativity, speech problems can be helped by the appropriate therapy .Using GP`s support to provide help with medication and special investigations , Psychological and Mental health support from professional bodies to make easy integration in our environment. Following the legislation of Equality Act, Discrimination Act, Mental Capacity Act, Human Rights, Confidentiality Act, Institutional Policies and Procedures who protect the individuals in every position, care taker or receiver and CQC Standards which protect de system and make sure that the care standards are up, out Care Home is it aware of legislation in force. Sometimes it can be very hard to really understand people`s needs and we are tempting to rely on stereotyping, not making differences in individual`s needs. With adequate training and well informed about the issues we have to deal with, we can have a good idea about reactions and expectations of the individual. My conclusion is that we are able to coop with Mr. Holland needs and with some support of other organization we can give him an opportunity to live his life at the higher standards of caring. References : Ager A.O`May F.(2001),Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability ,Issues in the definition and implementation of â€Å"best practice† for staff delivery of interventions for challenging behaviour,Vol.26, Issue3,Pp. 243-256 A.C.Davis ,(1989),The Prevalence of Hearing Impairment and Reported Hearing Disability among Adults in Great Britain, International Journal of Epidemiology, Vol.18, Pp. 911-917. Berrios,G.E.,(1989),Non-cognitive symptoms and the diagnosis of dementia: Historical and clinical aspects. The British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol154(Suppl 4),Pp. 11-16. Gilbert CE, Anderton L, Dandona L, Foster A.(1999), Prevalence of visual impairment in children: a review of available data. Ophthalmic Epidemiology,Vol.6:73-82. Jette.A.M Branch G.L.,(1985),Impairment and disability in the aged, Journal of Chronic Disease ,Vol.38, Issue 1 World Health Organization. Prevention of blindness and deafness. Global initiative for the elimination of avoidable blindness. Geneva: WHO; 2000,Rev2. World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases, injuries and causes of death, tenth revision. Geneva: WHO; 1993 Wilson DH, Walsh PG, Sanchez L, et al, (1999). The epidemiology of hearing impairment in an Australian adult population. Int. J. Epidemiology, Vol. 28, Pp.247-52. Links http://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d4681 http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serialpid=0042-9686lng=ennrm=iso http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0021968185900086 1